SEATS AVAILABLE: 13
Overview
Bluetooth Low Energy is one of the most exploding IoT technologies. BLE devices surround us more and more – not only as wearables, toothbrushes and sex toys, but also smart locks, medical devices and banking tokens. Alarming vulnerabilities of these devices have been exposed multiple times recently. And yet, the knowledge on how to comprehesively assess their security seems very uncommon. Not to mention best practices guidelines, which are practically absent. This is probably the most exhaustive and up to date training regarding BLE security – for both pentesters and developers. Compressing years of painful debugging and reversing into practical, useful checklists. Based on hands-on exercises on real devices (including multiple smart locks) as well as a deliberately vulnerable, training hackmelock.
RFID/NFC, on the other hand, has been around us for quite long. However, the vulnerabilities pointed out years ago, probably won’t be resolved in a near future. It is still surprisingly easy to clone most access control cards used for buildings today. Among other practical exercises performed on real installations, the attendees will reverse-engineer an example hotel access system, and as a result will be able to open all the doors in facility. A list of several hundred hotels affected included.
With prevalence of NFC smartphones, a new implementation of this technology is recently gaining attention: mobile contactless payments/access control, on Android known as Host Card Emulation. Using combination of cloud services and mobile security, it is now possible to embed credit card (or NFC key to a lock) in your phone. Is the technology as robust as advertised? How to check its security, and how to implement it correctly? Find out during practical exercises, including step by step guide on how to bypass security mechanisms and clone a contactless payment card.
Software Defined Radio – a concept of processing signals in software instead of hardware – brings almost unlimited possibilities for analysing various wireless protocols. Yet skills in this area still seem to be rather uncommon. This training aims to fill this competency gap using a very practical approach and inexpensive hardware.
Each attendee will receive worth over 350 USD hardware pack including among others Proxmark 3, a rooted Android smartphone and Raspberry Pi (detailed below). The hardware will allow for BLE analysis (sniffing, intercepting), cloning and cracking multiple kinds of proximity cards, analyse BLE or NFC mobile applications, and more importantly practice majority of the training exercises later at home.
Who Should Attend
- Pentesters, security professionals, red teamers, researchers
- BLE/NFC device designers, developers
- Mobile contactless payments integrators, managers, security team members
Key Learning Objectives
- In-depth knowledge of Bluetooth Low Energy, common implementation pitfalls, device assessment process and best practices for implementation
- Ability to identify vulnerable access control systems, clone cards and reverse-engineer data stored on card
- Understanding mobile contactless payments technology, possible attacks, risks and countermeasures
Prerequisite Knowledge
- Basic familiarity with Linux command-line, Kali
- Scripting skills, pentesting experience, Android mobile applications security background will be an advantage but is not crucial
Hardware / Software Requirements
- Contemporary laptop capable of running Kali Linux in virtual machine (VirtualBox or VMWare), and at least two USB ports available for VM guest.
- You can bring your own BLE device or access control card to check its security
Each student will receive:
- Course materials in PDFs (several hundred pages)
- All required additional files: source code, documentation, installation binaries, virtual machine images on a pendrive
- Take-away hardware pack of 350 USD value for hands-on exercises, consisting of:
- Rooted NFC- and BLE-capable Android smartphone with all the required applications; root-hiding and device characteristics spoofing frameworks configured
- Proxmark3 with latest firmware
- Multiple RFID/NFC tags for cracking and cloning, including “Chinese magic UID”, T5577, Ultralight, HID Prox, iClass, EV1, ISO15693, Mifare Classic with various content (bus ticket, hotel, e-wallet, ...)
- NFC PN532 board (libnfc)
- Raspberry Pi (+microSD card and 3 A power adapter), with assessment tools and Hackmelock installed for further hacking at home.
- Bluetooth Smart hardware sniffer (nRF, BtleJack) and development kit based on nrf51822 module
- ST-Link V2 SWD debugger for programming nRF boards
- 2 x Bluetooth Low Energy USB dongles
- Sample wireless alarm system set for analysing and attacking RF
- RTL-SDR USB dongle with external antenna
Agenda
Day 1
- Bluetooth Smart (Low Energy)
Based among others on about 10 various smart locks, beacons, mobile PoS, banking token, numerous other devices; and tools developed by the trainer: GATTacker BLE MITM proxy and deliberately vulnerable Hackmelock (consisting of Android mobile application and lock device simulated on Raspberry Pi). - Theory introduction
- What is Bluetooth Smart/Low Energy/4.0, how it is different from previous Bluetooth versions?
- Usage scenarios, prevalence in IoT devices
- Protocol basics
- Advertisements, connections
- Central vs peripheral device
- GATT – services, characteristics, descriptors, handles, reading, writing, notifications
- Security features – pairing/encryption, whitelisting, MAC randomization
- Security in practice: own crypto in application layer
- hardware required for BLE assessment
- BLE beacons
- iBeacon, Eddystone, Physical Web
- Simulating beacons – using mobile phone, Linux scripts, other devices.
- How to get free beer by abusing beacon-based reward application
- “Encrypted” beacons
- Abusing weaknesses in beacon management control protocols
- Other BLE advertisements
- Scanning for visible devices, hcitool, bleah, bettercap, Mirage, GATTacker, …
- Decoding data in advertisements
- Advertisement spoofing – Denial of Service, device impersonation
- Sniffing BLE connections using RF layer hardware
- Ubertooth, nRF sniffer, BtleJack, Sniffle, other hardware
- Wireshark filters, tips&tricks
- Sniffing static cleartext password of a smart lock and other devices
- HCI dump (Linux, Android) – setup, analysis, difference from RF-layer sniffing, replay/fuzzing possibilities
- Attacking services exposed by devices
- Mapping device services and characteristics
- Interacting with devices that do not require pairing/authentication
- Abusing simple pairing (static PIN, just works)
- Example unlocked AT command interface via BLE service of a smart lock
- Device spoofing, active MITM interception
- How to perform “man in the middle” attack on BLE connections
- Available tools: GATTacker, BtleJuice, BtleJack, Mirage
- MAC address cloning, mobile OS GATT cache potential problems
- Analysing intercepted traffic
- Denial of Service attacks
- Jamming and hijacking active connections with BtleJack
- Replay attacks
- Intercept transmission
- Analyse authentication protocol weakness in example smart lock
- Perform replay using tools or mobile phone, and unlock the device
- Mobile application analysis, attacks on proprietary authentication and protocols
- Decompile Android app, locate relevant source code fragments
- Understand proprietary BLE communication protocol – commands, data exchanged with device
- Based on example smart lock, discover protocol weakness, create exploit to open the lock without knowing current password or prior sniffing
- Exploit the vulnerability using just a mobile phone – nRF Connect macros
- Verify other vendor’s claims on “Latest PKI technology” and “military grade encryption”
- Relay attacks – abusing automatic proximity features (e.g. smart lock autounlock).
Day 2
- Advanced BLE MITM topics
- Hooks, data modification on the fly (example attack on mobile PoS)
- Command injection
- Upstream websocket proxy
- “Rolljam”-like attacks on single use keys
- When MITM attack does not work or is not possible – debugging, troubleshooting
- Remote access share functions and their weaknesses – how to bypass timing restrictions.
- Device DFU firmware update OTA services.
- How to create own, independent server-side API for device – based on a real smart lock vendor, which disappeared and shut the servers, effectively rendering the device e-waste.
- Bluetooth link-layer encrypted connections
- Intercepting pairing process and decoding Long Term Keys (crackLE)
- How to trick a victim into re-pairing
- Weaknesses in devices allowing for easier attacks
- Abusing BLE bonding trust relationships
- Analysis of Google Titan U2F token vulnerability
- Possibilities for malicious actions (e.g. change device to appear as a BLE keyboard).
- Web Bluetooth – interfacing with nearby devices from javascript.
- How hard is it to hijack BLE devices from a hostile web site
- Writing new javascript interface to control own device
- Bluetooth Mesh, Bluetooth 5.0 – what these technologies change and what not in terms of BLE security.
- BLE Hackmelock – open-source software emulated device with multiple challenges to practice at home.
- BLE best practices and security checklist – for security professionals, pentesters, vendors and developers.
- RFID/NFC
- Comprising of hands-on exercises on a real access control installations and hotel systems. Every time a student succeeds in bypassing access control system (e.g. cloning a card), a specially prepared box will automatically unlock, and allow to collect a delicious prize.
- Short introduction
- RFID/NFC – where do I start?
- Frequencies, card types, usage scenarios
- How to recognize card type – quick walkthrough
- Equipment, and what can you do with it – mobile phone, card reader, simple boards, Chameleon Mini, Proxmark, other hardware
- UID-based access control – practical exercises on example reader + door lock
- UID-based access control – still surprisingly popular
- UID lengths, formats
- Clone Mifare UID using Android phone and “gen2” UID-changeable card, or libnfc/Proxmark and gen1 card
- How to emulate contactless cards and unlock UID-based system using just a smartphone (Android, iOS), without any additional hardware
- How to clone a card by making its picture – decoding numbers printed on cards
- Cloning other ID-based cards – Low Frequency EM41XX, HID Prox, …
- Emulate card using Proxmark, Chameleon Mini
- Brute-force – is it possible in practice to guess other cards UID?
- Countermeasures against attacks
- Wiegand – wired access control transmission standard
- Sniff the data transmitted from access control reader using Raspberry Pi GPIO
- Decode card UID from sniffed bytes, clone the card
- Replay card data on the wire to open lock
- Wiegand sniffers/repeaters: BLE-Key, ESP RFID Tool, others
- Mifare Ultralight
- Data structure
- Reading, cloning, emulating
- Example data stored on hotel access card
Day 3
- Mifare Classic & its weaknesses – practical exercises based on hotel door lock system, ski lift card, bus ticket
- Mifare Classic – data structure, access control, keys, encryption
- Default & leaked keys
- Reading & cloning card data using just a mobile phone
- Cracking keys – nested, darkside attacks
- Libnfc tools – mfoc, mfcuk, MiLazyCracker
- Cracking Mifare using Proxmark
- Attacks on EV1 “hardened” Mifare Classic
- Online attacks against reader
- Reverse-engineering data stored on card - based on a real hotel system
- Recoding access control data (room number, date) stored on card by an example hotel system
- Creating hotel „emergency card” to open all the hotel doors unconditionally
- ISO15693/iCode SLIX
- Cloning ISO15693 UID on a “magic UID” card, unlocking smart lock
- Data of several example ski passes
- HID iClass
- Cloning “legacy” / “standard security” iClass
- Attacks on iClass Elite
- Hitag2 access control
- Sniffing password mode transmission between reader and tag
- Simulating Hitag2 against the reader using Proxmark
- Intercepting card data from distance – building antenna, possibilities and limits.
- Other cards: Mifare Plus, DESFire, Ultralight C, EV1, EV2 … – known attacks, cloning possibilities, default & leaked keys, security best practices.
- Host Card Emulation – phone acting as NFC
- Hardware Secure Element vs software Host Card Emulation
- Example vulnerable HCE access control system (unlocking door using your NFC phone) - analysis, sniffing NFC using Proxmark, dumping NFC on the phone, bypassing security mechanisms, key extraction, spoofing other user's credentials
Day 4
- EMV
- Protocols, commands, applications – ISO14443-4, 7816-4, APDU, AID, …
- Reading data from contactless payment cards
- Remote relay attacks and countermeasures
- Other attacks (e.g. magstripe downgrade, pre-play)
- Mobile contactless payments
- Typical mobile contactless payments system architecture
- Security mechanisms: tokenisation, cloud services, encryption, tampering prevention, obfuscation, root/malware detection, …
- How to bypass security mechanisms and clone mobile contactless card
- How to intercept push notifications with card data replenishment
- HCE implementations from attackers perspective – pentester’s checklist, implementation best practices
- Practical introduction to Software Defined Radios
- Theory introduction, possibilities, available hardware and software
- Intercepting simple wireless 433Mhz alarm signal using RTL-SDR dongle
- Signal analysis, demodulation with Universal Radio Hacker tool
- Transmitting with just a wire connected to Raspberry Pi GPIO (rpitx) - e.g. replay signal to disarm alarm.
